Similar to how the Soviets formed foreign Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Rumanian, Hungarian, Czechoslovak, and Yugoslavian units and the Nazis formed foreign Latvian, Lithuanian, French, and Czechoslovak units to make up for manpower shortages, so to did the Japanese. Hirohito, noting that valuable, able-bodied citizens were being drafted into the Japanese Armed Forces, causing factories to become relatively empty, resulting in a shortage of steel, decided in 1937 to establish the Collaborationist Chinese Army, which, as the name suggests, comprised of mostly Chinese citizens in occupied Manchukuo.

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